{"id":1008,"date":"2012-07-19T14:05:24","date_gmt":"2012-07-19T19:05:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.premier1supplies.com\/sheep-guide\/?p=1008"},"modified":"2012-10-15T12:13:09","modified_gmt":"2012-10-15T17:13:09","slug":"parasite-prevention","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.premier1supplies.com\/sheep-guide\/2012\/07\/parasite-prevention\/","title":{"rendered":"Parasite Prevention"},"content":{"rendered":"

Parasites are largely thought of as a limiting factor in sheep production, especially on pasture. According to the SID Sheep Production Handbook, larval development on pasture and the subsequent ingestion of the infective larval by sheep is affected by many factors, especially temperature and moisture.<\/p>\n

<\/strong>Because sheep are managed under various conditions, regional differences occur in the development of parasites, and subsequent prevention and control strategies used. Producers should have a good working knowledge of parasite biology and how these regional differences affect the development of disease in order to design a practical and effective control strategy.<\/p>\n

<\/strong><\/strong>Within regions, many shepherds specialize their flocks, concentrating on things like dairy production, organic meat and wool production or raising show sheep. Like regional differences, specialty sheep production also requires a unique understanding of parasite prevention and control.<\/p>\n

Organic Flocks<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Snoqualmie Valley Lamb\u00ae<\/sup><\/strong> is a 100% grass-fed, U.S. Department of Agriculture-certified organic program that produces lamb at Aspen Hollow Sheep Station. Sustainably managed on 65 acres on the banks of the Snoqualmie River near Duvall, Wash., Aspen Hollow lambs spend their entire life on grass and in clover fields.<\/p>\n

With a grass-based operation, parasites are constantly top-of-mind. While Jeff Rogers, station manager, explains he can\u2019t prevent parasites in the flock, he can restrict the parasitic ability to persist and infect sheep to levels above what their immune system can fight off.<\/p>\n

Rogers explains that in the Pacific Northwest, roundworms can be a problem when temperatures get above 70\u02daF \u2013 that is, when the sun is shining, which only happens a few months of the year. Otherwise, he says, \u201cThe gastro intestinal parasites I deal with are mostly small brown stomach and black scour worms. Our operating environment is a perfect incubator for parasites that thrive in cool, wet, cloudy conditions.\u201d<\/p>\n

External parasites are also a nuisance. Fly strike is managed by lambing in late spring before temperatures get above 70\u02daF. Additionally, the Yellow (Golden) Dung Fly is utilized because \u201cthey consume the larva of the black fly in the dung,\u201d Rogers explains. Sheep can also get biting lice during the long, wet, sunless winters; shearing twice a year helps manage that issue. Also, a natural pyrethrum applied as a spray 10 days after shearing works well in disrupting the life cycle of the lice. Fleece is also important for managing parasites in the area, he says. \u201cThe wrong fleece type in a wet environment is a magnet for external parasites.\u201d Finally, Rogers says overall animal health is important because, \u201cany illness takes away from the animal\u2019s ability to fight parasites with its own immune system.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

Aspen Hollow Sheep Station grazing rotation: On the right is a freshly mowed cell post 7 days grazing; on the left is where sheep were most recently grazing; and in the left background are the sheep in a fresh cell. Jeff Rogers, station manager, doesn\u2019t let the sheep eat below four inches on the plant as part of his parasite management protocol.<\/p><\/div>\n

Rogers manages forage through plant selection and raises lambs on pasture alone irrespective of parasites. \u201cI don\u2019t allow ewes or lambs to eat below four inches on the plant and I move fence daily,\u201d he says of his intensive grazing system. Once a cell has been grazed down to four inches, he moves the sheep to a fresh cell. \u201cAbout a week after taking the sheep off a cell, I go in with a mulching mower and cut the residue down a couple more inches,\u201d Rogers goes on to say. \u201cThis process desiccates a large percentage on any infective larva remaining on the pasture, so when the sheep come back in 30 days, there is a fresh stand of highly digestible and parasitic-safe forage.\u201d A higher rate of natural decimation of parasitic larva occurs on grass stems, Rogers explains. Grass that produces a long bridge from the base of the plant to the leaf is a safer plant to graze. Some grasses have very short stems, which provide a perfect environment for parasites.<\/p>\n

Overall, parasite management is conducted at a low level at Aspen Hollow. Rogers runs fecal egg counts several times a year to look at the population numbers in the sheep. Through early selection of parasite resistance, lambs from the station\u2019s own ewes and rams have a fairly high genetic resistance to internal parasites. \u201cThis doesn\u2019t mean we don\u2019t have parasites, it just means our management practices and genetic selection of sheep and forage are currently working well for us,\u201d Rogers concludes.<\/p>\n

<\/strong><\/p>\n

Show Sheep <\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u201cShow sheep\u201d can range from registered sheep to frame sheep to club lambs. According to Dr. Dan Morrical, Iowa State University Sheep Extension Specialist, most show sheep are confined and don\u2019t have access to grass, so parasites often times don\u2019t pose a threat.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

According to Dr. Dan Morrical, Iowa State University Sheep Extension Specialist, parasites often times don\u2019t pose a threat to sheep that are raised in a dry lot (like show sheep frequently are) and don\u2019t have access to grass.<\/p><\/div>\n

If show sheep are provided a small paddock where they have access to grass and weeds, parasites could become an issue. However, Dr. Morrical recommends knowing the signs of parasitism before \u201ctreating\u201d it. \u201cThe biggest mistake people make is that anytime they have a thin sheep, they automatically think its parasites,\u201d he says. This is a mistake because parasites are often a flock problem, not an individual problem, he explains.<\/p>\n

Many shepherds understand the importance of deworming, but recent research contradicts the old school theory of rotating dewormers. \u201cIf you have a dewormer that works, use it until it doesn\u2019t work anymore,\u201d Dr. Morrical says, \u201cbecause there aren\u2019t any more new dewormers.\u201d The four classes of dewormers for internal parasites are: 1) benzimidazoles (white), 2) levamisole (yellow), 3) macrocyclic lactones (clear) and 4) amino-acetonitrile derivative (orange). Using one dewormer can control parasites for four to six years, Dr. Morrical says.<\/p>\n

As a preventive management practice, Dr. Morrical recommends deworming ewes for internal parasites twice a year: once before going to pasture and once either pre-breeding (roughly the middle of July) or in the jug after lambing. For external parasites, he recommends pouring ewes directly after shearing and again 21 days later to prevent the next generation of eggs from hatching.<\/p>\n

If you think you have a sheep suffering from parasitism, individuals can be checked via an eyelid test for anemia. In Iowa, the biggest parasite issue producers deal with is the barber pole worm that sucks blood (thus creating anemia) and who, under a microscope, shows stripes from the blood that looks like an old-fashioned barber\u2019s pole. Additionally, sheep with signs of bottle jaw need treated for parasites.<\/p>\n

When treating for parasites, he recommends using a drench as opposed to an injectible dewormer. \u201cThe worms are in the gut,\u201d Dr. Morrical explains. \u201cUsing a drench goes directly to the problem.\u201d He also recommends holding sheep off feed for 12 hours after treatment because the dewormer will stay in the gut longer. If the parasite problem is extreme, he says to treat the animal with a drench dewormer, hold them off feed for 12 hours and then drench them again.<\/p>\n

Still, he warns, even though you may drench sheep as a parasite preventive or treatment, the practice is only 95 to 99% efficient. There is a chance that if the ewes go back to pasture they can get worms again. It\u2019s worth knowing parasite numbers peak in July and younger sheep aren\u2019t as good at fighting off parasites as older sheep \u2013 another good reason to dry lot your ewe lambs.<\/p>\n

Compared to show sheep producers, commercial sheep producers may take a more profit-oriented, targeted approach to parasite management, Dr. Morrical adds, by only deworming yearlings or on a case-by-case. \u201cPurebred flocks tend to be smaller, so they may deworm the entire flock more often,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n

Concluding, Dr. Morrical comments that parasites are a world-wide problem, but don\u2019t cost the industry as much as other diseases because people understand how important deworming is.<\/p>\n

Fiber Flocks<\/strong><\/h4>\n
\"\"<\/a>

Internal parasites can narrow fiber diameter, creating a weakness in the fleece, Dee Heinrich, Peeper Hollow Farm, says of her fiber flock.<\/p><\/div>\n

Dee and Rick Heinrich of Peeper Hollow Farm raise dual-purpose sheep, namely Romney and Romeldale\/CVM. Within a few years of starting their flock, Dee says, \u201cI learned what made for \u201cgood fiber\u201d and what hand spinners were looking for \u2013 I saw that as our niche.\u201d<\/p>\n

Marketing a niche product, the Heinrich\u2019s work hard to manage their sheep properly and pay attention to parasites. \u201cOur protocol depends very much on the weather and issues of that particular year,\u201d Dee says of the often damp conditions in Marion, Iowa. \u201cWe don\u2019t want to deworm more than necessary; we want to encourage parasite resistance.\u201d Also, the couple needs to keep a healthy flock because parasitism can be reflected in the quality of fiber the sheep produce. \u201cA parasite-ridden sheep will not produce high-quality fiber,\u201d she explains. In order to produce fiber that is uniform along the staple, the nutritional needs of the sheep must be met consistently throughout the year. Internal parasites can narrow the fiber diameter, creating a weakness in the fleece. \u201cWe do everything we can to keep the parasite load our sheep carry low enough that it doesn\u2019t impact their well-being or fiber production,\u201d Dee explains.<\/p>\n

Parasite management at Peeper Hollow starts with breeding for parasite resistant sheep; any ewes requiring deworming mid-year are culled. \u201cThey obviously can\u2019t handle the parasite load as well as the others,\u201d she explains. They also rotate pastures and put lambs in the pasture first because it has the lowest parasite load at that point. \u201cWhen the lambs enter the pasture, the grazing is deep,\u201d Dee says. \u201cSince parasites tend to live in the bottom 2 to 3 inches of grass, it reduces the parasites our lambs are exposed to.\u201d After the lambs are moved from the pasture, the ewes follow because they can better tolerate a heavier parasite load. \u201cIn most cases, the ewes are resistant to internal parasites by the age of two,\u201d Dee says. The sheep are out to pasture for about six days, and then are moved to a new paddock.<\/p>\n

During lambing, they deworm ewes while in the lambing jugs. Lambs are dewormed at weaning \u2013 about 60 days of age. \u201cAfter that,\u201d Dee says, \u201cthey\u2019re dewormed only as needed individually.\u201d Dee and Rick look for things like poor gain or scouring to determine if they need to deworm an individual. \u201cIf we see a particular lamb being dewormed more often than the rest, that lamb doesn\u2019t make the breeding stock cut,\u201d Dee explains. The couple strongly believes sheep producers need to keep working towards resistance against internal parasites, \u201cso we need to only keep those lambs who can, for the most part, deal with parasites on their own,\u201d she says.<\/p>\n

When bringing in new sheep, Peeper Hollow deworms the individual until they test \u201cclear\u201d for parasites \u201cso we don\u2019t inherit the resistant parasites from other farms,\u201d she explains. \u201cWe know this won\u2019t clear them up completely, but if they test \u201cclear\u201d we expect the eggs in their droppings will be very few when compared against the rest being dumped into a field by our own sheep.\u201d<\/p>\n

Finally, Peeper Hollow Farm doesn\u2019t make a practice of showing their sheep, which virtually eliminates external parasite issues that come from exposure.<\/p>\n

Dairy Sheep<\/strong><\/h4>\n

In a world where dairy and organic production coincide, Dave and Mary Falk of LoveTree Farmstead Cheese own an operation that thrives on minimal inputs \u2013 including a parasite management program that hasn\u2019t used chemical dewormers in more than 20 years.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

Mary Falk credits her Spanish Ranch Mastiff X Maremma-Tatra guard dogs to the overall success of the LoveTree Farmstead organic dairy and largely parasite-free operation. <\/p><\/div>\n

LoveTree, established in 1986, resides in the Trade Lake region of northern Wisconsin. \u201cThis region has a very tight window of opportunity for raising grain crops, but grasses grow here abundantly and easily,\u201d Mary says. \u201cIt\u2019s a perfect match for dairy sheep production.\u201d The farm includes 200 acres \u2013 about half of which is devoted to wildlife habitat. Given the environment, the Falk\u2019s \u201cfirmly believe the only way a dairy sheep farmer will economically survive the harsh climate of this region is to raise a tough, naturally hardy sheep that can thrive on a grass-based program while producing high butterfat milk,\u201d Mary explains.<\/p>\n

To accomplish their goals, the LoveTree team does things a little differently: they free-graze the fields that need it the most starting with the lactating ewes and then bring in the lambs to graze the lower part of the plant. They feel this strategy, that lets lactating ewes \u2013 which have higher nutritional requirements due to milk production \u2013 graze lush grass lightly, helps them manage parasites, especially, Mary says, since most of their sheep are immune to parasites by a year of age.<\/p>\n

Until they\u2019re old enough, though, lambs\u2014especially keeper ewe lambs \u2013 are monitored closely. The Falk\u2019s like to let the ewe lambs age by starting them in a dry lot on grass hay, and then turning them out to grass and watching them closely. \u201cWe want to get some age on them without setting them back,\u201d she explains. \u201cA lot of the success in building parasite immunity is simply not exposing them.\u201d<\/p>\n

Because barber pole worms and liver flukes are the most destructive parasites in the area, deworming is occasionally done on an as-needed basis whenever signs of anemia, bottle jaw, poor body condition or scours appear.<\/p>\n

Genetic selection against parasites, Mary feels, only works to a point in the immediate area, though she certainly credits their closed flock to minimal parasite issues over the years.<\/p>\n

Different from a conventional dairy that weans lambs shortly after birth and raises them artificially, the LoveTree weans lambs at 30 to 45 days. That way, Mary says, the lambs go out on grass with their mothers at a young age and learn how to graze before being weaned and dry lotted for a period of time. Also different from conventional dairy\u2019s, which Mary says often times concentrates sheep and grain feeds them in order to increase milk production,<\/p>\n

Though there are many differences between flocks and sheep producers, parasite management is a one thing all shepherds have in common.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n


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